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歴史書 10–29章: ダビデの治世

神の民は、自分たちのルーツと、ダビデと結ばれた神の契約を思い起こします。

歴代誌上は、捕囚から帰還した共同体のためにイスラエルの歴史を語り直したものです。書の冒頭には、アダムから帰還した捕囚の民に至る長い系図が置かれ、彼らが今もなお神の物語に属していることを示しています。

著者: 不明（伝統的にはエズラの著作とされる） · 年代: おそらく紀元前450–400年頃に執筆

書の概要・アウトライン・鍵となる聖句
歴代誌上 27 JLB
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1イスラエル軍は、二万四千人からなる十二分団に分けられ、毎年、一か月交替で軍務につきました。各分団には、将校と軍政官が配属されていました。 2-3 第一分団長、ザブディエルの子でペレツの子孫に当たるヤショブアム。第一の月に軍務につく二万四千の将兵を指揮。 4第二分団長、アホアハの子孫のドダイ。第二の月に軍務につく者を指揮。副官はミクロテ。 5-6 第三分団長、ベナヤ。第三の月に軍務につく者を指揮。彼は大祭司エホヤダの子で、ダビデの軍隊で最強と言われた三十人勇士の筆頭。息子アミザバデが次の分団長となる。 7第四分団長、ヨアブの兄弟のアサエル。第四の月に軍務につく者を指揮。のちに息子ゼバデヤが後を継ぐ。 8第五分団長、イズラフ出身のシャムフテ。第五の月に軍務につく者を指揮。 9第六分団長、テコア出身のイケシュの子イラ。第六の月に軍務につく者を指揮。 10第七分団長、エフライムのペロニ出身のヘレツ。第七の月に軍務につく者を指揮。 11第八分団長、ゼラフ出身のフシャ族のシベカイ。第八の月に軍務につく者を指揮。 12第九分団長、ベニヤミンのアナトテ出身のアビエゼル。第九の月に軍務につく者を指揮。 13第十分団長、ゼラフのネトファ出身のマフライ。第十の月に軍務につく者を指揮。 14第十一分団長、エフライムのピルアトン出身のベナヤ。第十一の月に軍務につく者を指揮。 15第十二分団長、オテニエルに属するネトファ出身のヘルダイ。第十二の月に軍務につく者を指揮。 16-22 イスラエルの各部族の長は次のとおり。ルベン族の長、ジクリの子エリエゼル。シメオン族の長、マアカの子シェファテヤ。レビ族の長、ケムエルの子ハシャブヤ。アロンの子孫の長、ツァドク。ユダ族の長、ダビデの兄弟エリフ。イッサカル族の長、ミカエルの子オムリ。ゼブルン族の長、オバデヤの子イシェマヤ。ナフタリ族の長、アズリエルの子エリモテ。エフライム族の長、アザズヤの子ホセア。マナセの半部族の長、ペダヤの子ヨエル。ギルアデ地域のマナセの半部族の長、ゼカリヤの子イド。ベニヤミン族の長、アブネルの子ヤアシエル。ダン族の長、エロハムの子アザルエル。 23ダビデは人口調査の時、二十歳以下は数に入れませんでした。民の人口を爆発的に増やすという主の約束があったからです。 24ヨアブにさせた人口調査は、途中で主の怒りが下ったために完了しませんでした。そのため、調査の最終結果はダビデ王の年代記に載っていません。 25アディエルの子アズマベテは、宮殿の宝物倉を管理する最高責任者でした。ウジヤの子ヨナタンは、イスラエルの町や村、要塞などにある宝物倉の責任者でした。 26ケルブの子エズリは、王室所有地で働く人々の監督でした。 27ラマ出身のシムイは、王室ぶどう園の監督でした。シェファム出身のザブディは、ぶどう酒の製造と貯蔵の責任をもちました。 28ゲデル出身のバアル・ハナンは、ペリシテ人の領土と隣接する低地にある、王室のオリーブ畑と桑の木を管理する責任を受け持ちました。ヨアシュは、オリーブ油の製造と貯蔵を受け持ちました。 29シャロン出身のシルタイは、シャロン平原で牛の群れの飼育に当たりました。アデライの子のシャファテは、谷にいる牛の群れの飼育に当たりました。 30らくだはイシュマエルの地出身のオビルが、雌ろばはメロノテ出身のエフデヤが世話をしました。 31羊の群れを世話したのは、ハガル人ヤジズでした。これらの人々はみな、ダビデ王の監督下にありました。 32王子の教育係は、ダビデ王のおじに当たる見識ある相談役ヨナタンで、王子の後見人はハクモニの子エヒエルでした。 33アヒトフェルは王の相談役、アルキ人フシャイは王の個人的な相談相手でした。 34ベナヤの子エホヤダとエブヤタルが、アヒトフェルを補佐しました。ヨアブはイスラエル軍の将軍（最高司令官）でした。
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Benson
1 Chronicles 27
Benson Commentary 1 Chronicles 27:1 Now the children of Israel after their number, to wit , the chief fathers and captains of thousands and hundreds, and their officers that served the king in any matter of the courses, which came in and went out month by month throughout all the months of the year, of every course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:1 . Now the children of Israel, &c. — After the settlement of sacred affairs, we have here an account of the manner in which the army, or militia, as we may call it, was disposed. It was distributed into twelve legions, each consisting of twenty-four thousand men, who were commanded by one of the chief of the fathers; under whom there were captains of thousands, such as we now call colonels; and then under them captains of hundreds. Each of these legions attended one month, for the security of the king and kingdom; at the end of which they were dismissed, and another legion, with their general, succeeded: so that their course came but once in a year, and that only for one month, which was no considerable burden to them. That served the king in any matter of the courses — In all the business in which the king had occasion for these persons. Which came in and went out, &c. — Who, being armed and mustered, were to wait upon the king, at Jerusalem, or other places, as the king should see fit. By this order near three hundred thousand of his people were instructed and exercised in the use of their arms, and fitted for the defence of their king and kingdom when it should be needful, and in the mean time sufficient provision was made against any sudden tumults or irruptions of enemies. And this monthly course was contrived that the burden of it might be easy, and equally distributed among the people. 1 Chronicles 27:2 Over the first course for the first month was Jashobeam the son of Zabdiel: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:2-3 . Over the first course was Jashobeam — Of whom see 2 Samuel 23:8 ; 1 Chronicles 11:11 . Of the children of Perez — Or, of Pharez, of the posterity of Judah, Genesis 46:12 . This seems to be intended of Jashobeam, and to be mentioned as a reason why he was the chief. Chief of all the captains of the host — Whose several names here follow. The meaning is, he was chief in dignity and precedency, but not in power and authority; for these captains were equal in power, and Joab was their general. 1 Chronicles 27:3 Of the children of Perez was the chief of all the captains of the host for the first month. 1 Chronicles 27:4 And over the course of the second month was Dodai an Ahohite, and of his course was Mikloth also the ruler: in his course likewise were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:4 . And Mikloth also was the ruler — Either, 1st, The captain of this course after the death of this Dodai, as Zebadiah was after Asahel, 1 Chronicles 27:7 . Or, 2d, His lieutenant, or deputy, in case of his necessary absence. Or, rather, 3d, One of the officers of his course; who seems here to be particularly named, as a person then of great note and eminence. 1 Chronicles 27:5 The third captain of the host for the third month was Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, a chief priest: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:5-6 . Jehoiada, a chief priest — Or rather, a chief prince, as the Hebrew word ??? , cohen, often signifies. For it is certain neither Benaiah nor his father was high-priest or second priest. In his course was Ammizabad his son — Who seems to have been his father’s lieutenant, because his father was captain of the king’s guard, ( 2 Samuel 18:18 ,) and therefore needed a deputy in the one or other place. 1 Chronicles 27:6 This is that Benaiah, who was mighty among the thirty, and above the thirty: and in his course was Ammizabad his son. 1 Chronicles 27:7 The fourth captain for the fourth month was Asahel the brother of Joab, and Zebadiah his son after him: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:7 . Asahel the brother of Joab — As Asahel was killed before all Israel had acknowledged David as king, it is likely that this course was called the course of Asahel, in honour to his memory, it being commanded by his son. Poole, however, thinks that the foundation of this project was laid while David was in Hebron, and that then his forces were divided into twenty-four courses, under twenty-four chief commanders, whereof Asahel was one, only that the number of his forces was then much less than that which is here mentioned: but, he adds, when David was fully settled in his whole kingdom, the design was perfected, and his soldiers were increased to this number. Zebadiah his son after him — That is, after his death, of which see 2 Samuel 2:23 . And in his course were twenty-four thousand — Not Asahel’s, for in his time they were not so numerous, but Zebadiah’s his son. 1 Chronicles 27:8 The fifth captain for the fifth month was Shamhuth the Izrahite: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:9 The sixth captain for the sixth month was Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:10 The seventh captain for the seventh month was Helez the Pelonite, of the children of Ephraim: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:11 The eighth captain for the eighth month was Sibbecai the Hushathite, of the Zarhites: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:12 The ninth captain for the ninth month was Abiezer the Anetothite, of the Benjamites: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:13 The tenth captain for the tenth month was Maharai the Netophathite, of the Zarhites: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:14 The eleventh captain for the eleventh month was Benaiah the Pirathonite, of the children of Ephraim: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:15 The twelfth captain for the twelfth month was Heldai the Netophathite, of Othniel: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. 1 Chronicles 27:16 Furthermore over the tribes of Israel: the ruler of the Reubenites was Eliezer the son of Zichri: of the Simeonites, Shephatiah the son of Maachah: 1 Chronicles 27:16 . Over the tribes of Israel: the ruler, &c. — These were the princes of the tribes, the constant rulers of the tribes; who seem to have had a superior power to these twenty-four captains, and therefore are named before them, being probably the king’s chief counsellors and assistants in the great affairs of his kingdom. 1 Chronicles 27:17 Of the Levites, Hashabiah the son of Kemuel: of the Aaronites, Zadok: 1 Chronicles 27:18 Of Judah, Elihu, one of the brethren of David: of Issachar, Omri the son of Michael: 1 Chronicles 27:19 Of Zebulun, Ishmaiah the son of Obadiah: of Naphtali, Jerimoth the son of Azriel: 1 Chronicles 27:20 Of the children of Ephraim, Hoshea the son of Azaziah: of the half tribe of Manasseh, Joel the son of Pedaiah: 1 Chronicles 27:21 Of the half tribe of Manasseh in Gilead, Iddo the son of Zechariah: of Benjamin, Jaasiel the son of Abner: 1 Chronicles 27:22 Of Dan, Azareel the son of Jeroham. These were the princes of the tribes of Israel. 1 Chronicles 27:22 . Of the tribes of Israel — Of the most of the tribes, not of all: for Gad is omitted, probably because that tribe was joined with the Reubenites under one prince. 1 Chronicles 27:23 But David took not the number of them from twenty years old and under: because the LORD had said he would increase Israel like to the stars of the heavens. 1 Chronicles 27:23 . David took not the number from twenty years old and under — But only of those who were above the age of twenty years, or (which is the same thing) those that drew the sword, 1 Chronicles 21:5 . Because the Lord had said, &c. — And therefore to number them all, both above and under twenty years old, had been both an infinite trouble and a tempting of God, or a questioning the truth of his promises. 1 Chronicles 27:24 Joab the son of Zeruiah began to number, but he finished not, because there fell wrath for it against Israel; neither was the number put in the account of the chronicles of king David. 1 Chronicles 27:24 . Joab began to number — Namely, all from twenty years old and upward, as David commanded him. But he finished not — For Levi and Benjamin he counted not, 1 Chronicles 21:6 . Because there fell wrath for it against Israel — While he was doing the work, which was one reason that made him desist. The Hebrew however is, And there fell, &c. Though David numbered them with caution and limitation, as was observed before, yet this did not hinder God’s wrath from falling upon Israel for this sin. Neither was the number put in the chronicles of King David — An account of the number, as far as he went, was given by Joab to the king; but the king, being sensible of his error, would not have it recorded in the public registers of the kingdom, as other things of daily occurrence were. Yet the memory of it is preserved in these books, to teach all posterity not to put their trust in the arm of flesh. 1 Chronicles 27:25 And over the king's treasures was Azmaveth the son of Adiel: and over the storehouses in the fields, in the cities, and in the villages, and in the castles, was Jehonathan the son of Uzziah: 1 Chronicles 27:25 . Over the king’s treasures — Of gold, or silver, or other things of great price, which, for greater security, were kept in Jerusalem, and in the king’s palace; and thither the tribute-money also was sent, and committed to Azmaveth’s care. Over the store-houses in the fields — Of the fruits of the earth, or that share of them which belonged to the king, which were laid up in the fields, or cities, or villages, or castles, as there was convenience and occasion. 1 Chronicles 27:26 And over them that did the work of the field for tillage of the ground was Ezri the son of Chelub: 1 Chronicles 27:27 And over the vineyards was Shimei the Ramathite: over the increase of the vineyards for the wine cellars was Zabdi the Shiphmite: 1 Chronicles 27:27 . Over the vineyards — Over the workmen and labourers in the vineyards; as the next officer is over the fruit of the vineyards. In like manner, one man was over the labourers in the fields, ( 1 Chronicles 27:26 ,) and another over the fruits of the fields put into stores. 1 Chronicles 27:28 And over the olive trees and the sycomore trees that were in the low plains was Baalhanan the Gederite: and over the cellars of oil was Joash: 1 Chronicles 27:29 And over the herds that fed in Sharon was Shitrai the Sharonite: and over the herds that were in the valleys was Shaphat the son of Adlai: 1 Chronicles 27:29-30 . Over the herds that fed in Sharon — A place famous for its fruitfulness, (see Isaiah 33:9 ; Isaiah 35:2 ,) which lay about Lidda and Joppa. David seems to have kept great store of cattle in his pastures, particularly in this place. Over the camels was Obil the Ishmaelite — An Ishmaelite was the fittest person to look after the breed of camels, because that country abounded with them, and they best understood their nature. And over the asses, &c. — This was a great part of men’s riches in old times. 1 Chronicles 27:30 Over the camels also was Obil the Ishmaelite: and over the asses was Jehdeiah the Meronothite: 1 Chronicles 27:31 And over the flocks was Jaziz the Hagerite. All these were the rulers of the substance which was king David's. 1 Chronicles 27:31 . All these were the rulers of the substance which was David’s — It is observable, here are no officers for state, none for sport, no master of the ceremonies, or of the hounds, but all for substance, agreeable to the simplicity and plainness of those times. David was a great soldier, a great scholar, and a great prince; and yet a great husband of his estate. Those magistrates who would have their subjects industrious, must themselves be examples of application to business. 1 Chronicles 27:32 Also Jonathan David's uncle was a counseller, a wise man, and a scribe: and Jehiel the son of Hachmoni was with the king's sons: 1 Chronicles 27:32 . A wise man and a scribe — Either one learned in the laws of God, which were also the laws of the land, or the king’s secretary. Jehiel was with the king’s sons — As their tutor or governor. 1 Chronicles 27:33 And Ahithophel was the king's counseller: and Hushai the Archite was the king's companion: 1 Chronicles 27:33-34 . Ahithophel was the king’s counsellor — The person whose counsel, in matters of state, the king most prized and followed. Hushai was the king’s companion — Or his friend, ( 2 Samuel 15:37 ,) the person whom he trusted with his secrets, and whose conversation was most pleasant and acceptable to him. Observe, a cunning man was his counsellor: but an honest man was his friend. After Ahithophel — After his death, these were his chief counsellors. Much of the wisdom of princes is seen in the choice of their ministry. It appears that those whom David made choice of to attend upon and advise him, were such as were peculiarly eminent for wisdom and integrity. But though he had these trusty counsellors about him, he preferred his Bible before them all, making the Lord’s testimonies his delight and his counsellors, Psalm 119:24 . 1 Chronicles 27:34 And after Ahithophel was Jehoiada the son of Benaiah, and Abiathar: and the general of the king's army was Joab. Benson Commentary on the Old and New Testaments Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com . Used by Permission.
Expositors
1 Chronicles 27
Expositor's Bible Commentary 1 Chronicles 27:1 Now the children of Israel after their number, to wit , the chief fathers and captains of thousands and hundreds, and their officers that served the king in any matter of the courses, which came in and went out month by month throughout all the months of the year, of every course were twenty and four thousand. The Expositor's Bible Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com . Used by Permission.
Illustrator
1 Chronicles 27
Now the children of Israel. 1 Chronicles 27 Wisdom, kindness, and folly W. Clarkson, B. A. In reading this chapter we are struck with three features of David's rule. 1. The presence of royal wisdom in — 1. Securing the safety of his kingdom by a sufficient militia without sustaining a burdensome standing army. One month's practice in the year would suffice to maintain their soldierly qualities without seriously interfering with their civil pursuits (ver. 1). 2. Adopting the system of promotion by merit. In the list of captains (vers. 2-15) we meet with names of men that had distinguished themselves by their courage and capacity, and who had "earned their promotion." Favouritism is a ruinous policy, and fatal to kings and ministers. 3. Limiting his own personal requirements to a moderate demand. David lived as became such a king as he was, but he did not indulge in a costly and oppressive "civil list" (see vers. 25-31). 4. Choosing so sagacious a counsellor as Ahithophel ( 2 Samuel 17:1-8, 14 ), and so true and brave a friend as Hushai ( 2 Samuel 17:7-14 ). 2. The presence of personal kindness. Although David acted, most wisely, on the principle that the highest posts should be reserved for the most capable men and those who "deserved well of their country," yet he did not neglect his own kindred in the hour of his opportunity. We find, amongst others of the foremost men, the names of his relatives, Asahel (ver. 7); Jonathan, his uncle (ver. 32); Joab (ver. 34). 3. The presence of royal folly. We are reminded here of the grievous error, the disastrous departure from rectitude, when, notwithstanding the wise counsel and somewhat strenuous opposition of Joab, he insisted on numbering the people (vers. 23, 24). Regarding the folly of the king, we learn — I. THAT HUMAN NATURE, EVEN AT ITS BEST, BEARS THE STAIN OF IMPERFECTION. Therefore — 1. Let us conclude that there is certain to be something in ourselves which needs to be corrected. 2. Let us not be hasty in estimating the character of others. Regarding David's kindness we learn — II. THAT WE DO WELL TO USE OUR OWN ELEVATION TO SERVE OUR KINDRED. Nepotism is a crime as well as a sin, but, when other things are equal, and when opportunity offers, we should surely remember those whom, by the ties of affinity, God commends to our kindness, and those whom, by profession of friendship in earlier and humbler days, we promised to assist. And in view of the king's wisdom, we may learn — III. THAT GOODNESS AND WISDOM TOGETHER ARE A SOURCE OF INCALCULABLE BENEFIT. David without his devoutness would have been nothing to his country or his kind; without his wisdom he would have been little more. Piety and prudence together are a power for God and man. ( W. Clarkson, B. A. )
Matthew Henry
1 Chronicles 27
27:1-15 In the kingdoms of this world readiness for war forms a security for peace; in like manner, nothing so much encourages Satan's assaults as to be unwatchful. So long as we stand armed with the whole armour of God, in the exercise of faith, and preparation of heart for the conflict, we shall certainly be safe, and probably enjoy inward peace. 27:16-34 The officers of the court, or the rulers of the king's substance, had the oversight and charge of the king's tillage, his vineyards, his herds, his flocks, which formed the wealth of eastern kings. Much of the wisdom of princes is seen in the choice of their ministry, and common persons show it in the choice of their advisers. David, though he had all these about him, preferred the word of God before them all. Thy testimonies are my delight and my counsellors.